local loop unbundling (LLUB)

Unbundling is anchored in the Telecommunications Act(TKG) and is subject to European telecommunications law, which ensures the liberalization of telecommunications services and networks. Unbundling ensures that no carrier has a dominant position in the market.

Unbundling also affects the access area, as access networks were built by national operating companies prior to the liberalization of the telecommunications market. With local loop unbundling (LLUB), the EU Commission specifies in the relevant directives which aspects are affected by unbundling in the access area. LLUB affects the existing copper pairs between the local exchange and the subscriber line, as well as broadband services with DSL procedures. In addition, the LLUB regulates direct access to the bitstream, as well as access to permanent virtual connections( PVC) and indirect access.